The permanent collection of Reina Sofia was inaugurated in 1992 by D. Juan Carlos and Dña. Sofía, the King and Queen of Spain. Until then it had only housed temporary collections.

The Reina Sofía building was a hospital ("El Hospital General" / "El Hospital de San Carlos") from the XVI century until the end of the XX century. Restoration work started in 1980, with architects Antonio Fernández Alba, José Luis Iñíguez de Onzoño, Antonio Vázquez de Castro and Ian Ritchie giving it its current modern look, mixing the old hospital style with a modern façade and impressive see-through lifts. A new building which will also belong to the Reina Sofía is currently under construction (architect Jean Nouvel) – with this enlargement, Reina Sofía will become one of the largest museums in the world.

Reina Sofía houses Spain's most important contemporary art collection (XIX - XXI century), with works by Picasso, Miró and Dalí, and including Picasso’s renowned famous Guernica. Its collection also comprises works by famous foreign artists such as Delaunay, Cornell, Ernst, Magritte, Kandinsky, Bacon and Yves Klein.